Con Ed and NYSDEC representatives met and shared information related to the 11.4 spill and the following response.
As had been reported, the transformer, which caught fire at 5:14 am, held 29,000 gallons of light mineral oil. The immediate containment area was capable of holding 110% of that capacity, but the addition of fire foam by the Yonkers FD exceeded that amount. The containment pond beyond the primary holding area could have held all of the spilled material but a stuck valve at the oil/water separator allowed the oil, in this case the heavier material was allowed to escape. In all 13,000 gallons were recovered, and an untold amount was burned or escaped into the storm drains and then into the river. Con Ed contends that it was approximately 100-150 gallons but the DEC disputes that amount. The safety equipment that failed has been repaired.
Upon realizing that the containment had been breached, at about 6:09 am, Con Ed notified the authorities including the DEC. By the time outfalls were inspected at 7:30 am, the oil had already entered the river. Booms were put in place along at various sections of the river and the out fall was plugged. Several hundred feet of the 72 inch out fall were cleaned by hand, and the rest of the pipe was cleaned using other methods.
As is mentioned in the follow up, the original booms that were placed perpendicular to the riverbanks were eventually replaced with booms at approximately 45 degree angles to contain more oil. The booms will remain in place as the clean up continues.
A large part of the cleanup is the removal of leaves from the banks. The crews rake about a foot up the river bank before they are removed and bagged. To date, more than 7,500 bags of leaves have been removed, as well as 10-12 vacuum truck loads, each carrying about 15 cubic yards of material. In certain areas along the river, more organic material than just leaves may be removed.
Looking to the future, it is expected that some of the issue encountered will either be remedied or, due to this experience, leave participants better prepared for any other events. The possibility of leaks and spills from a variety of sources still exists and the response, including boom placement, should be more rapid and more efficient. Some local organizations may be invited to participate in trainings for response emergencies, and the DEC has offered to train groups in spill identification. As well the DEC and Con Ed will follow up with river studies as well as be accessible to inquiries form other organizations. As the clean up continues, the reports will follow.
Tagged: Bronx, bronx river, bronx river oil spill, Damian Griffin, oil, oil spill November 20, 2009
As of Thursday, November 12th, Con Edison contractors, NYSDEC and others are not seeing the massive sheening that was encountered with this problem at the end of last week. They have looked for the best locations for deploying more booms, utilizing the natural characteristics of the river and local input to assist in the collection of the contaminated leaves, which now is the source of the majority of small sheens seen on the river. There are now booms at more locations, including several soft booms, hard booms and sweeps installed between Burke Avenue and the New York Botanical Garden. Almost all of the booms are placed at about a 45 degree angle to the river flow, to, as one contractor told us, “not have any bellying of the booms,” and guiding the remaining oil into containable areas. Lining the shores in these areas are strips of sorbent pads and, where crews were noted, bags of debris consisting mostly of leaf matter scooped from the river. Much of the removal was conducted from boats.
As for any impacts to waterfowl, a DEC biologist traversed the river, and did not encounter any waterfowl. It is assumed that the birds have relocated due to the cleanup activities along the river. This is a good thing, as it will keep them out of harms’ way. Twin Lakes in the New York Botanical Garden, where some water fowl were noted to possibly be preening excessively, would be the logical relocation point for any birds suspected of being impacted by the oil. Local wildlife experts stated that it is also the time for preening and this may be an extension of that practice. A DEC fish and wildlife section chief indicated that preening alone would not warrant the capturing, isolation, and cleaning of the birds, which in itself is a very stressful and traumatic experience for these wild animals. The tell-tale event will be when the temperatures dip down again, leading to potential loss of thermal integrity of the bird’s feathers, if they are indeed oiled to the point of impacting the bird’s ability to survive. This would lead to birds coming out of the water, and exhibiting not just discomfort from the oil, but heat loss stress, as well. Con Edison has Tri-State Bird Rescue as a contractor; an organization DEC has worked with over the years that it feels does very good work in this specialty of wildlife handling and care. The DEC will monitor their behavior for such distress, and would appreciate if other interested parties could do the same.
Boom guiding oil to bank at boulder vane. Burke Ave
Close up of boulder vane
Booms under Kazmiroff Blvd
Tagged: Bronx, bronx river, bronx river oil spill, Damian Griffin, oil, oil spill November 20, 2009
The below was reported on 11.9.09 and posted today. The follow ups will be posted immediately.
Water that ran clear just a few days ago now wears an iridescent skin. On Wednesday, November 4th 2009, a fire at a Con Edison plant in Yonkers over a mile from the Bronx River allowed an estimated 2,000 gallons of oil to spill into the sewers which then carried it directly into the river. What it means for life in and around the river at the present moment and into the future is not yet clear. Some information, however, may be of interest.
The fire occurred in the Dunwoodie plant on Smart and Marcos Avenues in Yonkers at 8:30 in the morning. A 345 kilovolt power transformer caught fire due to unexplained causes. Transformers of this sort are filled with adielectric insulating oil that serves to ensure that the voltage stays in the coils. The tank ruptured either before or because of the fire and some 30,000 gallons of mineral oil spilled onto the facility floor. Con Edison believes that the majority of the mineral oil burned off in the fire. Mineral oil has a higher combustion heat level than its re-ignition level so it does not self extinguish. This trait meant that the fire department had to use a large amount of material to try to put the fire out. This material (foam?) combined with the oil from the transformer then overflowed the transformer’s mandatory spill containment area and the oil entered the storm sewers which then provided a direct route for the oil to flow to the river over a mile away. Con Edison contacted the NYSDEC and the DEP immediately to get cleanup efforts started, and the Alliance was informed of the event.
The earliest estimates of the amount were purported to be around 150 gallons, but that estimate has continued to grow. Measuring a fluid in a container is not that difficult, but measuring a fluid that is floating on top of another and flowing down stream is quite a different task. Dr. Paul Mankiewitz offered that it may be possible to calculate an estimate if one knows the molecular weight and to what thickness the oil would spread on top of the water. Then, using the measurements of width of the spill as it flows down the river at a calculated flow rate and some form of documentation such as filming the spill as it passed under a given point until it finished, a volume measure could be calculated. At this time it is unknown if any such measures were taken or how the calculations are being made.
Visual descriptions of the oil vary depending on the site, but range from viscous, dark oil, to a creamy white material on the surface to a multicolored sheen that spreads across the river when struck by the sun. Close observation shows that the oil can present though not seen as the surface of the water gains and unfamiliar regularity, like a barely noticeable fog. Eddies in the water allow for more oil to regroup and often show the more viscous properties.
Through Con Edison contacts and eyewitness reports it was learned that different types of booms were placed across the river at various points. There are two types of booms that could be used and these
Figure 1 Possible transformer example
are solid booms and soft or sorbent booms. The solid boom many of us are familiar with as it is similar to the boom that stretches across the river at Concrete Plant Park, with a floatation device on the top and a flap or a fin that sticks down into the water. As the oil flows downstream, it will flow up against the boom and, if placed correctly, be diverted into a slower moving part of the river for collection. NOAA guidelines state that using a boom at 90 degrees across a body of water, as is the boom in the tidal section which is meant to catch floatables, moving more that 0.5 meters per second would not be efficient as the oil would be forced to the center of the stream and accumulation under flow would force more oil down into the water and allowing it to escape below the boom.
Figure 2 Booms at 211th street
The second type of boom was referred to as a soft or sorbent boom, possibly known as a sorbent rope which is what it resembles. These ropes are not meant to catch and contain the oil like the solid booms, but to absorb the oil as it encounters it. They have no flap that extends down into the water. The fabric in the rope, which is about six inches in diameter, is hydrophobic ( it doesn’t like water) so it does not absorb water, and oleophyllic (it likes oil), so it does absorb oil. As the flow reaches these ropes, theoretically only the oil is absorbed and, when saturated, it must be carefully removed from the river and replaced. Like a rag, if squeezed when saturated, the oil may be released. The ropes float on top of the water, slowly sinking as they fill with oil, and can only catch what encounters the rope at the surface. Any debris that gathers before the rope may allow the oil to be forced down under the boom without touching the sorbent material. Video is available of this process.
There have been booms placed in Yonkers as well as in the Bronx in Muskrat cove, 229th and 211th streets, Gun Hill road, Allerton ave. (Kazmiroff) and points farther downstream. Most of these were sorbent booms but yesterday, Saturday November 7th , several more solid booms had been put in place.
Crews from Con Edison and representatives from the NYSDEC have been observed along the river inspecting the booms and conducting clean up. At 211th street, the crews have begun to vacuum up debris that may be tainted with the oil. The latest cleanup may include sweeping all leaf mater into the river and vacuuming it out for recycling and disposal.
The spill and its aftermath still have many questions yet to be answered. Those of us that use the river everyday for studies and or recreation are concerned for the long term effects. Mineral oil, the most spilled oil in the U.S., does not have any clear documentation of its hazards to wildlife in such events. Searches for research turn up scant responses and no information has been provided. Most of the hazard studies found were for long term human contact. Water fowl have been observed in the Botanical Garden and in points north in some form of discomfort or distress due, apparently, to the encounters with the oil. The mallards along Bronx Park at about 221st street were paddling in obviously oily water and feeding through the surface to get at the algae on the bottom. At Kazimiroff Bridge, a kingfisher flew up river. King fisher’s feed by dipping there beaks directly into the water as they skim the surface. They certainly will ingest the oil directly. Dissolved Oxygen levels as of Friday did not appear to be directly affected as of yet, but there may be long term concerns. The oil on the surface reflects more sunlight than the water and will not allow it to penetrate the plant on the bottom, if in fact they are still active at this time of year, and the oil has also reduced the amount of ripples that may serve to introduce O2 into the water. The old saying of oil calming troubled water can be clearly seen on the river at this time, but that is not a positive thought. Another issue is macroinvertebrate life, the food source for many aquatic animals and birds and the judge of the health of a river. The oil may affect them directly, but the clean up may more so. The vacuuming up of leaf matter may also be taking macorinvertebrates with it, and is certainly reducing the food source from the river which is decomposing leaf matter. All of this remains to be seen but must be followed closely.
But a discussion about why this happened at all will need to be had as well. Below is an example from a Con Edison proposal for a power plant placement:
Power transformers will also be provided with dielectric fluid containment pits to contain any
leakage, along with water separators to process minor dielectric fluid leaks, in compliance with
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations and the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations,
1 This information is being provided in response to the PSC interrogatory request DPS #32, Part 10.
Exhibit E-2 – Other Facilities
February 2008
Page 10
\\epserver\Jobs\P252-000 NYRI\P252-009 Article VII Rev\Exhibits\Exhibit E-2_Other Facilities\Exhibit E-2_FINAL_1-15-08.doc
Title 40 (CFR 40), Parts 110 and 112. These regulations require that appropriate containment
and diversionary structures be provided to prevent discharged fluids from reaching navigable
waters, if a facility reasonably could be expected to discharge fluids in harmful quantities into or
upon said navigable waterways.
Transformer containment pits for dielectric fluid will be designed in accordance with Factory
Mutual Standard 5-4/14-8 Transformers, the Edison Electric Institute Fire Protection for
Transformers, IEEE Standard 980 Guide for Containment and Control of Oil Spills in Substations,
and recommendations from the converter station manufacturer.
It is reasonable to assume that Con Edison provided such a containment area for this transformer, but the regulations only call for a container large enough to hold the oil from one transformer and average precipitation in the area. Obviously a fire department hose, applying foam or water, is much more than the average rainfall making the regulation possibly in adequate. As for the secondary containment area, could it be that, at a mile and a half from the river the assumption was that river contact was minimal?
That leads to the next question which has to do with storm drains. In August of this year the NYs Attorney General approved funding for storm water reduction upgrades:
New York AG Pours $1.8M into Bronx River Stormwater Upgrades
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/aug2009/2009-08-28-092.asp
Some of the work focuses on storm water reduction close to the river, but this issue makes it clear that the sewer shed of the Bronx River is much larger than its banks. The problem with the storm drains is not in any way a surprise as can be witnessed at the storm drain that enters the Bronx River from Yonkers at Nereid Ave. and has been discussed for several years, but his event makes it clear that the remediation needs to occur at a faster pace.
While that issue is municipal, the progress of the cleanup is also a local, community issue. While the cleanup is progressing and work can be seen at multiple sites. It is important for larger agencies, organizations and corporations to understand that those of us that are not just facts on the ground but feet in the river may be a vital resource to the cleanup itself, even if regulations make it difficult for the community to get down on its hands and knees and soak up the oil with sorbent sheets. Much as the cleanup crews have been divided into zones, local organizations and individuals have information on the micro level that can help the larger scale agencies get to affected areas more efficiently. If we plot the booms and efforts on a map, a future project, we can see can see that the placement focused around bridges that cross the river rather than the shape and flow of the river itself. We provided unsolicited information about a certain area, a boulder vane just north of Burke Bridge where a large quantity of oil had gathered, and this local response allowed the larger crew to soak up an undisclosed amount of oil before it eventually seeped around the boulders and farther down river. Con Ed thanked us for this input. Bronx International students also gathered GPS data and observations which were provided to the DEC to aid in the efforts, but it is unclear if this data was of any help. Some encounters in the field were met with “We will handle it,” but others were thankful and made remarks to the effect that the information and local knowledge could be very useful in the efforts. Community involvement may help the immediate effort, but will surely help the long term goals of all.
This event is still very much in progress. It is up to all of us to look at the issue as closely as possible to monitor and aid in the present efforts, the long and short term affect on the river, and follow the review of events to ensure that this sort of event does not happen again.
Damian Griffin
Tagged: Bronx, bronx river, bronx river oil spill, Damian Griffin, oil, oil spill November 20, 2009
The Ethical Culture Fieldston School will be taking a trip down the Bronx River in October as a part of their interdisciplinary Bronx River 
Biography unit. One section will look into the health of the river, and in preparation, my son and I got out and placed leaf packs into a couple of different places along the Bronx River. The expectation is that macroinvertebrates will make their home out of the leaf packs and we will be able to remove them, count and classify them before replacing them in their old neighborhood. The group will be supported by Bob Ward, and part of the hope is that such studies will become a regular monitoring procedure upon the river.
Tagged: bronx river, Bronx River Wildlife September 19, 2009
The Water Pod has arrived at Concrete Plant Park helping to mark the return of public access to
this incredible site. It quickly has become a normal feature of the area, harkening back the original function of the site that gives the park its name. But while the pod might spark memories for past employees, the monarch butterflies that are migrating through the Bronx River Corridor have quickly decided that the plants aboard the pod are a good choice of nourishment. several pupae have also attached themselves to plants on board.
Did I mention the parrots? Yes, several pairs are nesting at CCP in what I believe is a choke cherry bush. I first heard there call a couple of weeks ago, and then my daugther and I were greeted by them this morning as we left CCP.
Rocking the Boat and Pete Seeger…
Tagged: bronx river, Bronx River Wildlife, estuaries September 5, 2009
While one way to prove an understanding of environment and environmental education may be a multiple choice exam, the real proof lies in action. In the early days of July the young people that attend the Tremont United Methodist Church Summer Program visited the Bronx River at the Mitsubishi River Walk adjacent to the Bronx Zoo. The goal was to get in a canoe in the Bronx River and learn the basics of paddling. Forty-five youth, thier counselors and their director, Cheryl Holtz Andrews, met their goal with flying colors, paddling until their armswere ready to fall off. But this was just the beginning. Two young lady’s looked around at the river and were not quite satisfied with the experience of canoeing for the first time in their lives.
“Damian, we should do something about all of these plastic bottles floating in the river,” said one.
“Yeah, they could all be recycled,” said the other. And from their they set about making it happen.
Today, after almost two months of convincing their director that it was a necessary event, the two returned with 12 other program participants and once again paddled the river. This time, however, the focus was the removal of any floatable garbage that they could reach safely from their canoes. With dilligence and care (and no lack of joyful enthusiasm) the youth spent over an hour paddling to distinct areas of the river between the Bronx Zoo and The New York Botanical Garden and removing plastic bottles, plastic bags and one large plastic triangle once used as part of a traffic blockade. It was impressive to see the pride with which each successive 
canoe came up on to the bank to show off what they had found in the river, what they had done to improve the environment that surrounds them. If there is a test to discover just what has been internalized from a lesson, this was it.
Tagged: bronx river, canoe, Floatables, summer program August 24, 2009
Wednesday’s visit to Barretto Point Park to provide some waterfront education and canoeing was a great success. We were only there for a couple of hours but more than 20 people were able to canoe in the East River and learn about what lurks beneath the waves.
After a quick seining brought up dozens of silver sides ( thousands escaped), another fish caught my eye. It was a little harder to corral than the silversides, but a concerted effort landed a juvenile flounder (summer flounder?). 
On the bottom of the shore, the camoflague helped the fish absolutely disappear, but in my hand it looks quite alien.
August 19, 2009
On a visit to Hunts Point Riverside Park, I decided to try my luck in the water with a seine net. I could see the small fish flashing along under the surface, but I was not sure that I would be able to sample any since they seemed to sense my presence well before I approached the river’s edge. But one short walk parallel with the shore brought up the bounty of the sea.
These silversides (maybe Rough Silversides?), also known as sand smelt, are one of the most abundant fishes in our coastal waters. As Tarleton Hoffman Bean in his 1903 work Catalogue of the fishes of New York writes, these fish are not of great importance as a human food source, but they are a food source for the larger fish that inhabit local waters, as well as the wading birds that are regular visitors.
Silversides begin to spawn in May and, after a gestation period of just eight days, their young begin feeding on zooplankton before graduating to detritus, algae and even small fish and insects. The schools follow the tides up the river to feed in the salt marshes or other protected river banks, swimming in tight shoals that serve as a form of protection against predators. Over the summer the populations swell, creating a migrating energy source that will move out to deeper water in the fall, sharing the productivity of the estuary and the salt marsh with the greater oceans.
Unfortunately the picture below did not turn out as planned, but the jellyfish shown, most likely a comb jelly, also came up in my net. One of 90 species in phylum Ctenophora, some are able to glow with a slight phosphorescence as this example shows. The color that appears in the photo was not visible to my eye at the park, but appeared when I cropped the shot. Comb jellies are all carnivores and, though they have no tentacles, have tremendous mouths under their bell and can even eat prey larger than themselves.
Tagged: bronx river, Bronx River Wildlife, estuaries August 11, 2009
On Wednesday morning, Josue, Cici and I introduced a group of students involved in the creation of a school mural to the Bronx River Forest and the Bronx River. On our reconnaissance of the area just prior to the walk, we came across an egret foraging while standing on a pile of recently accumulated detritus. The newly expanded island in the s
tream caused eddies and small ponds that offered great hunting grounds for the egret. As we watched, the egret moved its long, muscular neck almost imperceptibly before jabbing it into the water and coming up with a slender fish about 3 inches long ( a tessellated darter?) Egrets and herons differ from storks and flamingos in that their necks are hunting tools. The powerful muscles allow them to thrust down into the water in search of prey. You can best note the difference when in flight as the birds with the stronger muscles coil their necks back while those that just use their necks to reach down and filter the water fly with their necks stretched out straight. We kept as quit as possible and left the egret to finish its fishing somewhat in private.
But what kind of an egret was it? A Snowy Egret? A Great White Egret? The answer is in the beak and the feet. While the Great White Egret is larger than the Snowy Egret, size sometimes depends on perspective. This is a Great White Egret due to the fact the beak is yellow and the legs and feet are black (not the best view of the feet here), while the Snow Egret has a black beak, black leg and yellow feet. They can also be distinguished by hunting style. The Great White is patient, waiting for prey to come into range while the Snowy will actively kick up the bottom in an effort to stir up game. Makes you wonder if there is some connection between the Snowy’s style and the natural selection that gives it its yellow feet.
DG
July 9, 2009
Thinking about beavers does not conjure up images of urban areas. Quite to the contrary, as a matter of fact, and people do not often associate the Bronx with beavers, but we do have one: at least one.
Since the first bite marks were noticed over two years ago, the now named Jose the Beaver has been little seen but his presence has been noticed. In the section of the Bronx River that stretches between the New York Botanical Garden and the Bronx Zoo, trees ave been gnawed and felled, and two lodges and a burrow have been identified has beaver housing. Being largely nocturnal, Jose works while the two establishments are closed and he (she?) is out of sight of the casual passersby. Photographs were taken with trip cameras by WCS, and a writer for Outdoor Magazine claims to have infrared photos but nobody has seen them. A staffer at the Bronx Zoo did see Jose one morning and placed Jose among the biggest beavers he had ever seen. Running between 30 and 70 lbs, the guesstimate weighs him in around 50 lbs.
If you put yourself on the list of those who have not seen Jose The Bronx River Beaver, you may now remove yourself from that list. On the morning of June 12, 2009 Jose put in an appearance at Drew Gardens as the participants in Bronx River Crossing made preparations to launch their watershed representation. Chris Kannon was able 
to take a series of shots as Jose swam leisurely upstream before lumbering out of the water to walk under East Tremont Ave. Some of us noted that he seemed sluggish or even disoriented. Of course, having never seen a beaver, maybe they always look that way. On more than one occasion the same has been said about me. Maybe it was the salty water where he was swimming? Drew gardens is at the top of the estuary and has been found to have levels of salinity up to 8 parts per thousand (oceans are 30-35 ppt and freshwater is usually < 0.5 ppt) When the dying beaver was found last year in the East River on the day of the pope’s visit, it was reported that, while that beaver had already been sick, it was probably the brackish waters of the East River that finally did him in. Could Jose be on his way to a similar fate? Could the stresses of life in the zoo and the garden be such that he is being chased down stream and into a perilous situation?
Jose came up again in a discussion that our Executive Director had with a local fisherman on Saturday in River Park, just south of the last dam on the river and the zoo. When she mentioned the beaver having been seen just to the south, the fisherman nonchalantly replied, “Oh yeah, I see that beaver all the time down here.” Could it be that Jose is putting himself in danger on a regular basis? Why would he chance forays into brackish water unless he has a death wish or is suffering from dementia?
In May of this year, W. Gregory Hood, Ph.D. of the Skagit System Cooperative published a research paper entitled The Overlooked Ecosystem. Dr. Hood had set out to study the distribution of Sweetgale (myrica gale) in the estuarine section of the Skagit River in Seattle. While he did find the sweetgale, he also found that the estuary was frequented by beaver from the fresh water section of the river. Dr. Hood explains that beavers are known to make use of estuarine areas with salinity levels as high as 10 ppt. Being true vegetarians, they are in search of those trees that will fulfill their appetite while providing the needed nutrients. If the trees in question are along the banks of brackish water, the beaver is prepared to go there. Beavers rarely forage more than 100 yards from the stream they call home which makes upstream and downstream travelling the normal event. Jose is probably in search of food and a quiet place. In most land conflict events, beaver will look for new foraging areas. This explains Jose’s “bizarre” behavior. It was our lack of understanding of normal behavior that made his acts seem bizarre.
But Dr. Hood also raises some questions that are pertinent to our river. Hood makes the connection between the salmon that use the river for spawning and the beaver that rework the habitat in the estuary and beyond. Being tidal, some estuary sections can become quite shallow at low tide. While the beaver may be in the area to forage, an effort may also be made to dam up small areas, causing tidal pools that will provide safe harbor when the tide runs out. Perhaps coincidentally, these tidal pools also provide a safe zone for salmonids in the area. Being that the beavers prefer somewhat deeper water, the pools are deeper than the areas where wading birds generally will hunt. By providing for personal needs, the beaver helps a multitude of other organisms. While we do not have salmon on the Bronx River, the return of the alewife herring and the catadromous eels fill a similar niche. Both would benefit from a tidal hideout at low tide.
And just what is Jose feeding on in the estuary? It will mean some kicking about in the area, but while beavers preference is for aspen and poplar, they will go for whatever is available when necessary. In that area there are willow trees which are always a part of the diet, but perhaps this new understanding of the range of the beaver and its possible utility can become a part of th present converstation about the soon-to-begin construction in Starlight Park, just south of the Cross Bronx Expressway. From drew Gardens south, the river is armored on both sides with rip rap, leaving the banks barren and lifeless. Dr. Hoods research found that trees growing along the banks of the river did so above the tidal zone, though they did not grow in soil. Instead the trees were able to take root in the woody debris that washed down from upstream and became lodged on the bank at high tide. Perhaps a consideration in the lower Bronx River would be to provide such woody debris. At the present time most woody debris cannot make it down stream due to the dams that block the river at certain point. In some upstream areas, logs have been cabled to the banks as a form of bank stabilization. The Section of the river between Drew Gardens and the south end of Starlight Park needs little bank stabilization due to the rip rap, but taking the same simple idea may provide a landing zone for seeds that can then provide a food source for beaver and create habitats for other unexpected guests.
DG
Cool links:
http://books.google.com/books?id=-xQalfqP7BcC&pg=PA295&lpg=PA295&dq=beaver+favored+diet&source=bl&ots=XOlaFu5796&sig=kBq_s3ePD5K2dJ2eg1exkObBNUE&h
l=es&ei=IdRKSufeIofCNu7v4KoB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1
http://www.wildlife.state.nh.us/Wildlife/Wildlife_PDFs/Beaver_control.pdf
http://www.skagitwatershed.org/rpapers_overlooked.html
Tagged: beaver, bronx river, estuaries, Hood, Skagit July 6, 2009
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